Gilgamesh s Influence On The Mesopotamian Civilization

In the period of 2800-2700 B.C.E. Gilgamesh was seen as a god and a warrior to his people, and to them a god is immortal. Little did Gilgamesh know, he wasn’t immortal but the people of Uruk weren’t aware of this they actually believed that Gilgamesh was a divine. I think that Gilgamesh is an important historical hero that influenced the society to have a relationship with gods, view there gods, and on how divinity impacts culture in the Mesopotamian civilization. Throughout this essay I will address the main purposes and analyze the influence of Gilgamesh for his society. To begin with the Mesopotamians believed in the gods and goddesses. They would praise them for a significant reason either if its water, nature, wind, sun, etc. and each god has their own specific powers. To please the gods they will have to sacrifice one for a specific desire or necessity. In The Epic of Gilgamesh it is said that gods feast and love the smell of burnt human flesh; â€Å"When the gods smelled the sweet savor, they gathered like flies over the sacrifice† . The relationships that Mesopotamians have with their gods is cruel, they please the gods with sacrifices. This is what they believed was necessary to have a peaceful life with no catastrophic chaos. The Mesopotamians wanted harmony with their gods so they don’t die. Mesopotamians did not only believe in one god but many gods so they would worship the gods for specific needs. They also viewed the gods as the highest level class, in other wordsShow MoreRelatedThe Historical And Cultural Value Of The Anci ent Mesopotamia1442 Words   |  6 Pages the ancient Indus Valley, and the ancient China are known as the four great major ancient civilizations in human history. Each of the unique culture and society that the ancient civilization developed were the sources of the extensive knowledge of philosophy, science, literature, art and other aspects of today’s human civilization. The existent of the myths and the epics found in the ancient civilization sites are the sign of human primary form of culture, in which it explained human beings throughRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh : The Cradle Of Civilization2034 Words   |  9 Pages About 5,500 years ago in the land widely known as â€Å"The Cradle of Civilization† or the â€Å"Land between rivers† stood Mesopotamia the worlds most prestigious ancient river civilization that emerged in those times. And it can, in fact be proven that because of Mesopotamia s extensive trade routes, its great leaders, and the growth in technology that occurred that Mesopotamia was one of the greatest civilizations to have ever existed. By which it not only it helped create some important things suchRead MoreAncient Concepts Of Law, Government, And Social Structure1408 Words   |  6 PagesIn the readings, there are many trends regarding ancient concepts of law, government, and social structure. The code of Hammurabi played a significant role in Mesopotamian law, while the Nile River had a large part in the development of Egyptian civilization. In addition, the Hebrews moved toward pure monotheism and the Persians enhanced the Near Eastern model of monarchical gov ernment. â€Å"The evidence reveals that on the one hand, peoples then living in the Near East, Africa, and the MediterraneanRead MoreSimilarities Between Mesopotamian And Ancient Mesopotamia1628 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction During the Third Early Dynastic Period the Mesopotamian region flourished with wealth, knowledge and art. The the sub-regions and their city states reached the height of their glory, especially in the region of Sumer. In turn, Mesopotamian religion began to shift drastically. This can be shown in the Great Lyre, from the Royal Tomb of Ur, Stele of Naram-sin, from Sipper, Babylon, and Law Code of Hammurabi, which was also caved in Babylon as well. All three pieces of art are very differentRead MoreMesopotamia, Egypt and the Hebrews1953 Words   |  8 Pagesland of four primary civilizations: the Sumerian, the Akkadians, the Babylonian and the Assyrians. The Hebrews, like the Akkadians, belong to a group of people known as Semites and from there we can see the influence of Mesopotamian culture in some of the Hebrews traditions. During the same time, civilization began in Egypt, and there can be seen a distinct difference in the social, religious and political system from Mesopotami a; that the link between the two civilizations are the Hebrews, andRead MoreThe Epic of Gilgamesh1193 Words   |  5 Pagesday and age, literature and media have ample effect on how our society influences individuals. Women are perceived as sexual objects, but have the ability to persuade and influence the male character in literature. The Epic of Gilgamesh portrays the significance ancient Mesopotamian Literature has made on the social image that women possess pertaining to sexuality and appearances to the public eye in modern culture. In Gilgamesh, the harlot Shamhat held a reputation proving that women are only representedRead MoreThe Impact Of Religion On Human Culture1200 Words   |  5 PagesBillions believe in some divine being(s) that transcends the ugliness of humanity that s omnipotent and omniscient. Religion became a guide and a representation of how our lives should be led. However, history has brought evidence that made it possible for this notion to be criticized and rather, flipped. The majority of the human race believes that religion shaped our culture but it is rather the other way round, in that the culture of our ancestors, the Mesopotamians and the Hebrews shaped religionRead MoreWomen Of The Ancient Greek Work, The Iliad And The Mesopotamian Epic Of Gilgamesh2549 Words   |  11 Pagesguardians throughout life. Historic accounts and epics of specific periods describe the role assigned to genders in those societies. This paper talks about the role of women presented in the ancient Greek work, the Iliad by Homer and the Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh by anonymous author. Women role in the Iliad Homer’s Iliad contains an array of female characters that are both supernatural and human. The supernatural females or goddesses are mostly strong characters like Hera and Athena that at timesRead MoreHow Did The Invention Of Agriculture Allowed Stable Subsistence Of The Human Population?1939 Words   |  8 Pagesanimals into dependence on human keepers. 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It gave temple workers a purpose to continue their jobs and a clear understanding

Is Bernie The Audience Pathos With Verities Of Emotions...

Bernie connects to the audience pathos with verities of emotions thought his speech. Bernie understands the crowed emotions of fear for of income gap rising in America, â€Å"The reality that 47 million men, women and children today live in poverty. It is about understanding that if we do not transform our economy, our younger generation will likely have a lower standard of living than their parents†¦. This election is about ending the grotesque level of income and wealth inequality in America today† (Sanders, 2016, para. 30). Bernie raises the concern to the audience that many Americans are in poverty. The audience is filled with fear for American because many of them could not get a job and it is very hard for them to pay for their bills. Furthermore, Bernie Sanders feels trust worth to the audience because he tries to connect to them by using words like we and to show he is a politician of the people. He is trying to serve the interests of the people that just got out of college and find it very hard to get a job in America in the current job market. Moreover, Bernie Sanders raise awareness of anger within the crowd with how 1% controls most of country’s wealth, â€Å"It is not moral, it is not acceptable, and it is not sustainable that the top 1/10th of 1 percent now owns almost as much wealth as the bottom 90 percent. Or that the top 1 percent in recent years has earned 85 percent of all new income. That is unacceptable. That must change† (Sanders, 2016, para. 32-33). Bernie

Asch Study Research Paper Free Essays

The Asch Study, done by Solomon Asch, was done to study conformity by using a test consisting of lines, and today there is a lot of information that can be used from this study when learning about conformity. There are a lot of people who will conform to anything no matter what it is just to fit in. Asch created this experiment to actually see how much people are pressured to conform no matter how obvious it is. We will write a custom essay sample on Asch Study Research Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Conformity is â€Å"the tendency for people to adopt the behavior and opinions presented by other group members† (Zimbardo, 571). Solomon Asch finally conducted the experiment in 1951 on a group of male participants. Asch created two cards, the first card had a line that the participants had to match up with another line on the second card, this card had three lines that the participants could choose from. Asch first gathered eight confederates, â€Å"actors posing as participants† (Pastorino, 512). All eight of these confederates where told to purposely say the obvious wrong answer. So asch took eight confederates and one participant and asked them which line on the second card was the same length as the line on the first card. The confederates went first so that the participant could hear their answer. After the confederates said their answer the participant was then supposed to give his answer. Seventy-four percent of the time the participant would conform to the confederates answer. Through this experiment Asch found immense information. Those who conformed first obviously showed disbelief, even with all the disbelief they still conformed. Almost three quarters of the people put under the group pressure conformed to the obvious false answer. In psychology this is the Asch Effect. The Asch Effect is â€Å"the influence of a group majority on the judgements of an individual† (Zimbardo, 571). Although the majority of the participants conformed to obvious wrong answer, there were some that stuck with their own beliefs. These people are called Heroes, â€Å"Heroes are people who are able to resist situational forces that overwhelm their peers and remain true to their personal values† (Zimbardo, 572). These type of people challenge the corrupt society and don’t go with the groups beliefs. As well as Heroes, there are Independents who may fall in disbelief of the others, but still go along with their own answers. Solomon Asch created a study to test the powers of conformity by designing a test consisted of line to find research and information needed when learning about conformity. Conformity is when someone adopts a group’s behavior, attitudes, and opinions just to fit in. There were many people who conformed to Asch’s study. Seventy-four percent of the participants put into the study conformed to the group’s false answers. Although the majority conformed there were other that didn’t conform to the answers of the group, these people were the Heroes and the Individuals. In conclusion the majority of the people put into this study conformed to the group’s answers. Panarchy. â€Å"Solomon Asch : Opinions and Social Pressure (1955). † Panarchy – Panarchie – Panarchia – Panarquia. 2001-2010. Web. 16 Jan. 2011. http://www. panarchy. org/asch/social. pressure. 1955. html. Pastorino, Ellen, and Susann Doyle-Portillo. What Is Psychology? Australia: Thomson Wadsworth, 2009. Print. Zimbardo, Philip G. Psychology: AP* Edition with Discovery Psychology. Boston, MA: Allyn Bacon, 2010. Print. How to cite Asch Study Research Paper, Essays

Report into the Impact of Small Business Enterprises on the Indian economy Essay Example For Students

Report into the Impact of Small Business Enterprises on the Indian economy Essay The whole study contains information and information on the subject of little concern. Impacts of little concern on the economic system of India, globalisation and little concern etc. the studies works as a usher for opening a new concern it tells why to get down a Ne concern and its pros and cons, it besides tells about the ways of opening a little concern and propose it with some FRANCISING 1. INTRODUCTION The micro little and medium concern sector has been a great beginning of growing all over the universe. They help in development to states like India China etc. as they generate employment addition GDP and have great range to come in into the new market with lesser investing and higher chances. 2. DEFINITIONS Harmonizing to the micro little and average Enterprises Development act, 2006 these concerns are classified under two classs fabricating and service. The fabrication endeavors are involved in production and they invest in works and machineries where as the service endeavor involves in rendering services and they invest in equipments. 2.1. MICRO BUSINESS The micro concern have bound of puting Rs 25lakhs in fabricating endeavor while Rs 10lakh in service endeavor and it can merely employee less than 10 workers and merely one proprietor 2.2. SMALL BUSINESS the little concerns has a bound of puting from Rs. 25lakhs to less than 5crore in fabrication endeavor and from Rs.10lakhs to less than 2crore and it can employee workers less than 50 with individual proprietor 2.3. MEDIUM BUSINESS The medium concern has a bound more than 5crore to less than 10crore in fabricating endeavor whereas it from 2crore to 5crore in service endeavor. It can employee more than 50 employees but less than 100 employees 3. IMPACTS OF SMALL BUSINESS ON INDIAN ECONOMY There are 12.3 million little graduated table industries in India and more than 29.5 million people are employed in little concerns. There is 7 % portion of little concern in India s GDP, 95 % of industries are micro little and average concern unit and 40 % of employment is given by little concern. The Seventh Five Year Plan says the growing rate of 10 per cent in the little graduated table sector. Therefore so little concern is a 1 of biggest driving force for Indian economic system ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scribd.com/doc/32251560/Small-Business-in-India ) The followers are the countries where little concern has its major impact Employment: Small graduated table industries use labour intensive techniques to bring forth and fabricate therefore they are extremely capable of giving employment to people. There are about 2 to 3 workers working in little graduated table industry with regard to a individual worker in big industries. Micro, little and medium concern are the most popular business for people in India after the agribusiness industry, while little concern besides supply portion clip occupations to agriculturalists during there off season. Several empirical surveies shown that little graduated table industries have capableness of turning employment batch times more than big scale industries hence the healthy growing of little concerns can be a good step for India to come over the job of unemployment Balanced Regional Development: The little graduated table industries in India can advance the decentralized development and will assist to take the regional disparities of industrialisation. As India has a batch of rural sector which is yet to be developed Decentralized development will lend to the procedure of optimal growing and will avoids focal point of industries in fewer countries. It will supply employment in rural countries and avoid migration of people towards urban countries which will assist in development and Reconstruction of rural countries through little houses and will take to a better criterion of life for people in backward parts of India. 2. Optimum use of Capital: As the Small graduated table houses require less capital to bring forth the end product they are able to bring forth a greater end product with little investing. The Annual Surveys of industries revealed that fixed capital per individual in little graduated table industry was Rs. 3,706 as compared to Rs. 27,757 in big graduated table industry. Small houses besides help in supplying speedy returns after their constitution as they hold short period of purchasing natural stuff and sell the merchandise. In India as the rate of capital formation is low, little concerns are really suited. Mobilization of Local Resources: Small graduated table industries help to construct out enterprisers for the state it facilitates Mobilization and use of local resources like household accomplishments which might be talented but remain unutilized. The little endeavors help in conveying talent resources like entrepreneurial accomplishments and little nest eggs particularly in rural countries. Small concern aid in protecting the civilization of India which is handicrafts etc. JFK paper research EssayALL BURDEN TOGETHER As you being the foreman all determination are under your manus which may take to fun determinations every bit good as tough determinations. Heavy agenda of work and cognition of each field being required which besides chief cause to sleepless darks working all together for 247. Pleasing EVERYONE When you work for person you merely need to delight thrill and execute for your foreman and the company but while having a concern you have to delight every employee actuate them acquiring them the ambiance of work in all state of affairs which may non be possible every clip for every worker. Growth PAINS some concerns work really smooth while some get stuck. There are times when the concern gets shut or stopped it may be due to market, industry or economic system decelerating down, sometimes the competions heats up and MNC s return over. You must be ready to take over all state of affairss. 6. WAYS OF STARTING A BUSINESS There are fundamentally three ways of get downing a new concern. These ways are get downing you ain, purchasing an bing one, or invest in franchise of any company. There are good grounds for each pick, each has its ain benefits and hazards. 6.1. Start FROM SCRATCH get downing from abrasion is get downing your ain concern. Get downing from abrasion by and large costs less than get downing from purchasing and bing or franchising. You can take your ain location and policies, and manner of concern. Most people start a concern of what they are good at, their best accomplishments and originative thoughts help a batch to take. While it besides has some built-in hazards which is get downing from abrasion one demand to make up ones mind the construction of the concern, the location and needs to develop a new record maintaining system. Govt. policies and ordinance besides cause certain limitation and license license is besides an issue. But get downing from abrasion helps to develop in field your involvement ballads and it may increase your opportunity of success. 6.2. Buying AN OLD BUSINESS purchasing and bing concern may take to hold a good location for concern, it, may salvage your clip money and work which you would hold done in get downing of concern development, you would besides be able to utilize the proprietors invested capital for development, the concern already has it organisational and accounting programs While there may be some issues like a new concern field, hard currency flow mechanism, basal consumer market, debt of old proprietors high cost engagement etc. every bit good while purchasing an bing concern the cost will be valued by its plus and liablities 6.3. FRANCISING the alternate manner of purchasing some one s concern is to take a franchise. This helps purchaser to have the name and hallmark of the company and sell the merchandises by its name. The franchiser has to pay a initial start up fee and royalties harmonizing to sell done. Its benefits franchiser as trade name acknowledgment, quality merchandises, approved expression, proficient aid, market research etc It besides has some drawbacks which same concern format, no creativeness, small control over determinations, work harmonizing to franchise. ( Bovee and Thill, 2008 ) There are batch of illustrations of a successful franchisor as there is lot demand of MNC s in new and underdeveloped metropoliss so to indicate out some a successful franchisor is to indicate a the franchisee eg: McDonald s, pizza hut etc 7. Franchiser besides has to take from exclusive proprietary and partnership SOLE PROPRITERSHIP its one of the oldest signifier of concern in which there is a individual individual who owns, controls and manages the concern. ADVANTAGES easy to organize maximal incentive secretiveness in concern powerful and speedy determinations Disadvantage Limited capital liability is limitless proprietor s life managerial inefficiency ( hypertext transfer protocol: //business.gov.in/starting_business/sole_proprietorship.php ) Partnerships when two or more people come together and portion at that place net incomes, losingss, assets, liabilities and direction duties they are known to be spouses and a partnership is formed. ADVANTAGES Share in net income and losingss get downing cost is divided high resources, strengths, abilities easier direction DISADVANTAGES visions towards concern personal disputes no ain determination losing secretiveness 7. Decision From the whole study it is understood that little concern [ lay a major function in developing a state particularly like India where there are tonss of under developed countries. A little concern has its ain pros and cons which help taking which type of concern to get down and the ways to get down a little concern are from abrasion, purchasing an bing or taking a franchise of it.

Character Analysis Essay Essay Example

Character Analysis Essay Essay Peter Brownrigg, a 14-year-old boy who lives in Cumberland in the north of England, is involved in a secret night protest against the theft of his villages farmland by Sir Philip Morton. He leaves his village to escape prosecution for throwing a rock at Sir Philip Morton. He first goes to Penrith, but unexpectedly encounters Sir Philip at a performance of Richard III by a touring playing company. He hides from him in a prop coffin (supposed to contain the body of King Henry VI) which is later carried on to the companys cart. The players discover Peter hiding and the kindly Desmonds, who run the playing company, take him on as a boy actor. Another boy, Kit Kirkstone, also joins the company. Kit proves excellent at playing female roles while Peter acts as an understudy. After Peters jealousy leads to a fight, he discovers Kits secret. Kit is actually a girl in disguise, really called Katharine Russell, who is running away to avoid a forced marriage to Sir Philip, who is only interested in her inheritance. The company breaks up and the Desmonds promise to take Peter and Kit to a London theatre company. When Mr. Desmond breaks his leg in a river accident, the youngsters go on ahead. However, Kit almost reveals her true identity to a crowd of observers after swimming down the river to rescue Mr. Desmond but Peter distracts everyone and saves her. After being initially turned away by Richard Burbage of the Lord Chamberlains Men, they are accepted as apprentices by the playwright William Shakespeare, who recognises Kits acting ability and Peters gift of mimicry. They perform in various plays and see Sir Philip in the audience during Romeo and Juliet. Peters copy of Shakespeares new play Henry V is stolen by the Yellow Gentleman, and Kit and Peter worry that he plans to profit from the unpublished play. We will write a custom essay sample on Character Analysis Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Character Analysis Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Character Analysis Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer While stealing back the script, Peter overhears a discussion between the thief and another man, sounding very treasonous. He also notices an odd poem written on the script. He realizes that some of the underlined words found in this poem must be part of a code but has no idea how to decipher it. Peter and Kit finally decode the poorly written sonnet, discovering that the first letter of each line spells SEND NEWS BY PEEL. They immediately associate this message with Sir Philips old peel tower and set off to inform the Queens Secret Service. After meeting the head of the Queens Secret Service, Kit and Peter travel back to Peters village in disguise with one of the Queens spies, Tom Boyd, to follow a clue which leads to Sir Philips peel tower. Tom is killed by the conspirators. Peter is captured but not before learning that John Somers, an actor in their company, is to shoot the Queen during the first performance of Henry V. This is part of a wider conspiracy to install a new regime in England, the rest of it is vague but they are evidently in league with Spain. He is taken for questioning to a deserted Ullswater islet but manages to knock out the guard. He swims to the mainland and narrowly escapes across the fells. Kit and Peter go to a local magistrate, but discover he is a part of the treasonous plan. They steal his horses, which are of exceptional quality, intending to ride to London to warn the Queen. Sir Philip and his associates give chase. On the road they meet Desmond and the rest of the company who are rehearsing Edward II. On hearing of the conspiracy, Desmond vows to stop Sir Philip. The actors dress up in their soldier costumes and rig the horses to sound like an army ready to attack, with trumpets and drums behind. Kit and Peter pretend to be captives so Sir Philip will dismount, and he and his followers are then taken into custody by Desmonds men. Kit and Peter make a desperate dash back to London, and John Somers is captured by guards moments before he can shoot. Kit and Peter meet the Queen and tell her their adventures. In the last paragraph, Peter finishes writing the story and we learn that he and Kit are now married with two sons and living in a lakeside house in Cumberland which is Kits inherited estate.

Free Essays on Task And Risk Management

Introduction: The overall needs of the agency are an important factor in the benefits identification process. Before determining that the most cost-effective way to support staff is to buy new PCs every 4 to 5 years, evaluate the cost of that life cycle against the agency budget and overall priorities. The cost effectiveness of the life cycle is important, but a critical part of evaluating cost effectiveness is how much it allows you to support direct accomplishment of the agency's goals. Technology supports an agency's mission, and management policies must reflect that role. The development of policy for desktop and laptop technology acquisition should be centralized under the authority of the Information Resources Managers (IRM). Decentralized decisions about PC purchases can lead to the proliferation of multiple platforms and models that the agency must support. If separate divisions can order PCs without involving the technology staff tasked with supporting the equipment, it will not be possib le to develop an effective life cycle policy or process. Developing PC life cycles gives agencies the chance to assess their current processes and identify potential areas of improvement. To set a life cycle for commodity equipment such as desktop and laptop computers, a preliminary step is to understand the current situation, so areas where improvement is most needed, can be base lined and quantified. This justification is important to acquiring management support. Tasks and Milestones: Acquisition involves not only evaluating the new and existing technologies but also the procurement methods that may be utilized to obtain the product. Deployment of the hardware into the agency environment is also critical to the success of utilizing technology in the work place. Procurement is often an obvious part of the decision process, however, deployment of the hardware to the actual desktop of an end-user can easily be overlooked until well after al... Free Essays on Task And Risk Management Free Essays on Task And Risk Management Introduction: The overall needs of the agency are an important factor in the benefits identification process. Before determining that the most cost-effective way to support staff is to buy new PCs every 4 to 5 years, evaluate the cost of that life cycle against the agency budget and overall priorities. The cost effectiveness of the life cycle is important, but a critical part of evaluating cost effectiveness is how much it allows you to support direct accomplishment of the agency's goals. Technology supports an agency's mission, and management policies must reflect that role. The development of policy for desktop and laptop technology acquisition should be centralized under the authority of the Information Resources Managers (IRM). Decentralized decisions about PC purchases can lead to the proliferation of multiple platforms and models that the agency must support. If separate divisions can order PCs without involving the technology staff tasked with supporting the equipment, it will not be possib le to develop an effective life cycle policy or process. Developing PC life cycles gives agencies the chance to assess their current processes and identify potential areas of improvement. To set a life cycle for commodity equipment such as desktop and laptop computers, a preliminary step is to understand the current situation, so areas where improvement is most needed, can be base lined and quantified. This justification is important to acquiring management support. Tasks and Milestones: Acquisition involves not only evaluating the new and existing technologies but also the procurement methods that may be utilized to obtain the product. Deployment of the hardware into the agency environment is also critical to the success of utilizing technology in the work place. Procurement is often an obvious part of the decision process, however, deployment of the hardware to the actual desktop of an end-user can easily be overlooked until well after al...

Literature of the african diaspora Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Literature of the african diaspora - Essay Example The story is narrated in the form of dialogues between the husband Ocol and his wife Lawino. The poem is categorized in different sections. Each section offers details of the social problem faced by the husband and wife, in the marriage hood along with their values and differences. Whereas the novel God’s Bits Of Woods by the author offers a strong description of the railway strike. That happened in the year of 1947-1948 in the region of French West Africa. It includes disputes of emotional, political and moral nature. Eventually, this novel by Sembene is one of entitlement. It fetches to illumination the anxiety between Africa community and colonial officials. It also shows the struggle of railway men and the efforts of the African community to set themselves free from the power of colonial authority. The God’s Bit of Woods of Ousmane brings to light the scenario in which these adversities advance the workers with their families till the strike is eventually resolute. Debatably the most momentous conversion that takes place is in the function of women inside these societies. There are problems in all the families of the world. These problems cannot be controlled by an individual. These problems may be related to the issues of health, death, job instability. The place of living or the some closer person can contribute to these problems. In the novel Brother, I’m Dying, which is written by the author Edwidge Danticat all these issues are highlighted. Throughout the novel, the factual time story of Edwidge Danticat is narrated and provides an insight at the efforts done by her family. In this the author has successfully his own experiences of life. The sufferings of her family and their efforts to overcome the issues of being. Beside these issues the family also suffered from the multiple deaths in their home, the major illness of the guardian and uncle. In this story Edwidge is shown struggling in the absence of her parents

Consulting Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Consulting Skills - Essay Example The essay "Consulting Skills" talks about a change management process, organizational development, which mainly focuses on the understanding of behavioral sciences, which addresses how organizations and people function and is also concerned with how organizations and people can be made to function more efficiently. OD consultants offer their clients with a wide array of services which include change management, group solving problem, talent management, team development, customized training, business process redesign, and meeting designs and facilitation. In the first phase of OD implementation, an OD consultant needs to gain entry with the clients by meeting them in persons to inquire what they want from the consultant. The next step in this phase involves data collection by an appropriate method, which includes individual interviews, group interviews, or questionnaires. Data collected is then summarized, categorized and analyzed. The results are then communicated back to the clients , their comments are received, and a solution is made. The clients are then consulted if they wish to consider some alternatives suggested by the consultant. An OD consultant’s duty in this phase is to help the organization understand its current situation and identify opportunities that will enhance implementation of changes that will meet the organization’s business objectives. Other duties executed in this phase include deciding on an intervention and presenting a proposal to address the conflicts or issues.

Type of Person Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Type of Person - Essay Example According to my test results, I am more Extraverted. As I understood the test and its typological theory background, moderately expressed extravert would mean that I am more into action. I draw energy from action. The higher is the level of energy that I see from people around me, through their reactions and actions, the more I am interested and motivated. The term moderate could mean that I am at the middle range, probably 40-60% since my percentage shows a 44% on this area of testing. Further readings on this type of personality test made me understand that I desire breadth and are action oriented. Being extraverted doesn’t follow that one is a bad girl or bad boy type. They could be more action oriented and are more expressive, not really shy but not arrogant either. Slightly expressed sensing personality could first be understood by the word slightly. Slightly because of the rate or percentage of score that I got. This area of testing measures the way I get or gather information from the world around me, either through reading, the television, or through the people around. My perception and understanding or the information that I have gathered is mostly based on my senses. In my various readings, it was stated that people who uses their senses to gather information prefer to trust that information which is in the present, tangible and concrete. Which is why, details and facts associated with that particular information is necessary for it to have meaning and be taken seriously. Slightly expressed feeling personality is the third area of the personality test result. This now deals with how I decide on things, or simply put as decision making. Typically, both thinking and feeling are important to be able to make a fair judgment or wise decision as based on the data and information gathered or presented. Slightly expressed feeling would then again mean that I am inclined to feeling more of the situation and decisions that I would make. By

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Physics Instrumentation

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Physics Instrumentation TITLE : MRI IMAGE ARTIFACTS MOHAMAD AL-HAFIZ BIN IBRAHIM Name of Student: Mohamad Al-Hafiz bin Ibrahim TABLE OF CONTENTS (Jump to) LIST OF FIGURES 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 MRI ARTIFACTS 2.1 RF leakage 2.2 Aliasing 2.3 Patient motion 2.4 Gibbs Truncation 2.5 Chemical Shift 2.6 Magnetic Susceptibility 2.7 Flow Motion 3.0 CONCLUSION 4.0 REFERENCES LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Zipper Artifact may appear as horizontal line across the image Figure 2: The part of the body that outside the FOV is mismapped within the FOV. Figure 3:The appearances of ghost lines at the anterior to the abdominal wall Figure 4: Image shown the effect of head movement or motion during MR scanning Figure 5: Bright and dark lines are visible in image Figure 6: Arrow show dark line at the interface of fat and water . Figure 7: MR image shown massive distortion of magnetic field . Figure 8: (a) CSF pulsation-related artifact in the phase encoding direction in T2-weighted image while (b) show reduction of flow artefact 1.0 INTRODUCTION Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is one of the medical imaging and diagnosis technique which widely used due to its capability to produce high resolution of cross- sectional anatomical images and high tissues contrast. Eventhough MRI has various advantageous features, but still there are numerous sources of artifacts either patient-related, signal processing-dependent and hardware (machine) related (Erasmus, Hurter, Naudà ©, Kritzinger, Acho, 2004). Definitely, artifacts can degrade the image quality and may mimicking pathology or obscure the abnormalities which can lead to misdiagnosis of MRI images. The MRI artifact can be defined as a structure or feature appearing in MRI image produced by artificial means which is not originate within the scanned object (Erasmus et al., 2004). Commonly, MRI artifacts can be caused by RF leakage, aliasing, patient motion, Gibbs, truncation, chemical shift, magnetic susceptibility and flow motion. 2.0 MRI ARTIFACTS 2.1 RF leakage Cause This artifact also known as Zipper artifact. It occurs when there are leakage of RF or electromagnetic energy generated from certain equipment into MRI system (Stadler, Schima, Ba-Ssalamah, Kettenbach, Eisenhuber, 2007). This extrinsic RF came at a certain frequency then interferes with MRI signal produced by patient. The potential sources of the extrinsic RF are due to penetration of the RF into the shielded scanning room especially when the door is open during images acquisition (Ruan, 2013). After that, the RF will be picked up by the receiver chain of the image sub system (Zhuo Gullapalli, 2006). This RF perhaps generated by radio, illumination or electronic device such as monitoring equipment in the surrounding (Stadler et al., 2007). Remedy In order to overcome this artifact, the operator should identified and eliminate the possible source of the penetration. It can be done by ensure the door of the MR room remain closed during scanning, use only MR compatible MR monitor equipment, and remove the external RF source from the surrounding (Ruan, 2013). Figure 1: Zipper Artifact may appear as horizontal line across the image (Allen, n.d.). 2.2 Aliasing Cause Aliasing or wrap around artifacts can be describe as an artifacts that caused by anatomy that lies outside of field of view (FOV) mismapped within the FOV (Westbrook, Roth, Talbot, 2011). This is because of improper selection of parameter in MR systems especially FOV. The FOV in MRI means the anatomical area that should be covered or imaged during scanning (Morelli et al., 2011). When the selected FOV is smaller than the size of area that should be imaged means the data are under-sampled (Ruan, 2013). Therefore, there are high chances for signals from the outside FOV falsely detect then create an interference with signal within FOV and encode on the reconstructed images thus ‘wrap around’ to the opposite side of image which become aliasing artifacts (Erasmus et al., 2004). Westbrook et al., (2011) state that aliasing artefact can happen along frequency encoding axis (frequency wrap) and phase encoding axis (phase wrap). Remedy Basically, this aliasing artifacts can be eliminated through increase the sampling rate or oversampling along the frequency direction (Westbrook et al., 2011). However, high pass and low pass filter should be used as well in order to filter out frequency outside the FOV which can increase noise in image (Hiroshi, Schlechtweg, Kose, 2009). Besides that, selection of receiver coil which unable to excite or detect the signals from anatomical tissues that lying outside the FOV also important to minimise the artifacts (Ruan, 2013). Lastly, No Phase Wrap (NPW), Phase oversampling or Fold Over supression techniques is also preferred to avoid aliasing artefact by oversamples in phase direction, thus, the phase curve get to extends and cover wider signal producing structures (Westbrook et al., 2011). Figure 2: The part of the body that outside the FOV is mismapped within the FOV and located at the opposite side of the image (Prashant, 2014). 2.3 Patient motion Cause Patient motion artifact is a very most common artefact in MRI. It is caused by movement of anatomical structure during imaging sequence (Zhuo Gullapalli, 2006). There is a broad range of examples of structure movement such as heart or arterial pulsations, respiration process, peristalsis, tremor (Parkinson’s disease) and gross movement of patient (Stadler et al., 2007). Hence, if there is a scanned anatomical part moved during the scanning, the phase gradient cannot predict and encode the signal, thus, that structures will be misplaced in phased encoding direction. As a result, it will causes MR images shown the appearances of mismapping, blurring and ghosting artefact within it (Westbrook et al., 2011). Remedy There are several ways to eliminate or avoid the patient motion artifacts. The remedies are nullifies signal by applying pre-saturation pulses over the area which have potential to produce artifacts (Stadler et al., 2007). This way is more effective to prevent ghosting during patient swallowing. Besides that, Westbrook et al (2011) proposed that attaching a set of bellows over patient’s chest in respiratory compensation which is also known as respiratory ordered phase encoding (ROPE) might help to minimize ghosting in longer sequences while in short sequences, cooperation from patient to hold their breath during scanning is preferred. Next,cardiac gating also plays role in reducing this kind of artefact. For example, electrocardiogram (ECG) gating used to monitors cardiac motion that trigger the excitation pulse. Hence, each excitation pulse in each slice can be timed and acquired at the same phase of cardiac cycle (Westbrook et al., 2011). In the other hand, asking for patient cooperation for keeping still, clear explanation about procedures, and optimize the patient’s comfortability are important to make them immobilize during scanning (Hiroshi et al., 2009). Figure 3:The appearances of ghost lines at the anterior to the abdominal wall indicate as motion artifact because of breathing (Zhuo Gullapalli, 2006). Figure 4: Image shown the effect of head movement or motion during MR scanning (Hornak, n.d.) 2.4 Gibbs Truncation Cause Truncation artefact also can be called as Gibbs Ringing artefact (Czervionke, Czervionke, Daniels, Hauhgton, 1988). Its happen as result of It is causes by abrupt undersampling of data that results in incorrect representation of high and low signals interfaces (Westbrook et al., 2011). That problems lead to visibility of fine lines in MR image and also respectively caused by incomplete digitization of the echo (Ruan, 2013). However, according to Erasmus et al.,(2004), alternating dark and bright lines may visible in image due to a sharp transition in signal intensity. Remedy In order to correct this type of artefact, there are several ways that can be used. For example, increase the matrix size, 256 x 256 instead of 256 x 128 (Westbrook et al., 2011). Next, applying various filters to k-space data before Fourier transform also should be considered (Erasmus et al., 2004). Besides that, provide more phase encoding steps also preferred to make truncation or gibbs artifacts less intense and narrower (www.mr-tip.com, n.d.). Figure 5: Bright and dark lines are visible in image parallel and adjacent to the outer convexity of calvaria (Prashant, 2014). 2.5 Chemical Shift Cause This type of artifact commonly found in MRI image of abdominal and spine imaging. Since fat and water each consist of hydrogen protons but different combination of molecules, fat contain hydrogen binds with carbon,while in water, hydrogen combine with oxygen (Westbrook et al., 2011). Hence, that different chemical environment exist shown that there are different precession frequency between fat and water which fat has lower precessional frequency rather than water (Erasmus et al., 2004). Based on the Larmor equation, precessional frequency is proportional to the strength of magnetic field (Westbrook et al., 2011). Therefore, this chemical shift can become artifact due to that difference of the precessional frequency between fat and water at higher field of magnetic strengths during the frequency encoding or slice-select directions (Ruan, 2013). That frequency is basically used to encode their spatial positions, thus, any chemical shift can lead to spatial misregistration of the MR si gnal (Morelli et al., 2011). MR images will show the bright or dark outlines at fat-water interfaces as the artefact. Remedy To avoid this artefact , a few remedies should be considered such as perform scanning at low magnetic field strength, increase the receive bandwidth in keeping with good signal-noise-ratio (SNR) (Westbrook et al., 2011) . It is also suggested to use minimum FOV as possible. Lastly, swapping phase and encoding direction also may useful to reduce this artefact (Hiroshi et al., 2009). Figure 6: Arrow show dark line at the interface of fat and water indicate as chemical shift artefact (Javan, Rear, Machin, 2011). 2.6 Magnetic Susceptibility Cause Susceptibilty can be refer as characteristic of substance which be magnetized when exposed to magnetic field (Gary, n.d.). MRI physics explain magnetic susceptibility artifacts normally happens because of substance or material especially ferromagnetic materials and also at air-tissues interface which have different degree of magnetic susceptibility that can distort the external magnetic field when placed in large magnetic field. Besides that, the differences also lead to magnetic field inhomogeneity at the scanner region resulting in spins dephase faster and frequency shift between surrounding tissues (Zhuo Gullapalli, 2006). Artifacts in the image will appear as bright and dark areas with spatial distortion of anatomical structures (Stadler et al., 2007). Remedy Generally, these artifacts can be reduced by ensure all metal objects that attached to the patient has been removed before the scan. Next, spin echo sequences are more preferred to be used instead of gradient echo because it use 180 ° RF rephasing pulse which ideal at compensating for phase differentiation between fat and water (Westbrook et al., 2011). Since fast spin echo techniques also contribute in reduction of this type of artefact, hence, short TE is used along with spin echo (Stadler et al., 2007). Metal Artefact Reduction Sequence (MARS) technique can be used in order to minimize the size and intensity of this artifact which developed by magnetic field distortion by introducing an additional gradient following the slice gradient during frequency encoding gradient is used (Olsen, Munk, Lee, 2000). Figure 7: MR image shown massive distortion of magnetic field due to implanted dental retention system (Schubert, 2012). 2.7 Flow Motion Cause Flow artefact can be categorized as one kind of motion artefact which mainly caused by natural motion of liquids such as blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the body. For example, hydrogen nuclei in blood flow within the scanned slice may trigger excitation from an incoming RF pulse, however, the signal perhaps cannot be readout due to possibility of that flowing blood have left the slice (Hiroshi et al., 2009). As a result, vessels image appear empty or low signal intensity (less bright). Generally, there are reasons of low signal intensity such as intravascular signal void by time of flight effects, first echo dephasing and fast flow (Hiroshi et al., 2009). Nevertheless, this artifacts also can appear bright or high signal intensity. This is because of the slow blood flow (flow related enhancement), even echo rephrasing and diastolic pseudogating (Hiroshi et al., 2009). Remedy The preferred solutions as remedies for flow motion artifacts are by reduction of phase shifts using flow compensation in order to produce gradient moment nulling, suppress the blood signal by apply saturation pulses parallel to slices and synchronization of imaging sequences with cardiac cycle using cardiac triggering (Zhuo Gullapalli, 2006). Figure 8: (a) CSF pulsation-related artifact in the phase encoding direction in T2-weighted image while (b) show reduction of flow artefact with gradient moment nulling (Morelli et al., 2011). 3.0 CONCLUSION It is important for all operators, radiologist and engineers in MRI are able to recognize common MRI artifacts because there are a broad of range of cause that contributing to artefact. Eventhough, artifacts are unable to be totally eliminated but it can be minimized or avoided with specifics remedies in order to improve the MR image quality (Morelli et al., 2011). Therefore, basic knowledge of MRI artifacts should be learned and all MRI system operators should familiar with their MRI unit in department. 4.0 REFERENCES Allen, E. D. (n.d.). Zipper and Related Artifacts. Retrieved May 9, 2015, from http://mri-q.com/zipper-artifact.html Czervionke, L. F., Czervionke, J. M., Daniels, D. L., Hauhgton, V. M. (1988). Characteristic features of MR truncation artifacts. American Journal of Roentgenology, 151, 1219–1228. http://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.151.6.1219 Erasmus, L. J., Hurter, D., Naudà ©, M., Kritzinger, H. G., Acho, S. (2004). REVIEW ARTICLE: A Short Overview of MRI Artefacts. SA Journal of Radiology, 8(August), 13–17. http://doi.org/10.1021/jp1019944 Gary, P. L. (n.d.). What is MRIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯? Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( MRI ). Hiroshi, Y., Schlechtweg, P., Kose, K. (2009). Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Imaging of Arthritis and Metabolic Bone Disease:Expert Consult Online and Print, p34–48. http://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511549854.007 Hornak, J. P. (n.d.). The Basics of MRI: Image Artifacts. Retrieved May 9, 2015, from https://www.cis.rit.edu/htbooks/mri/chap-11/chap-11.htm Javan, R., Rear, J. R. O., Machin, J. E. (2011). Fundamentals Behind the 10 Most Common Magnetic Resonance Imaging Artifacts with Correction Strategies and. European Society of Radiology, 1–78. http://doi.org/10.1594/ecr2011/C-1248 Morelli, J. N., Runge, V. M., Ai, F., Attenberger, U., Vu, L., Schmeets, S. H., †¦ Kirsch, J. E. (2011). An image-based approach to understanding the physics of MR artifacts. Radiographicsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: A Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc, 31, 849–866. http://doi.org/10.1148/rg.313105115 Olsen, R. V, Munk, P. L., Lee, M. J. (2000). Metal Artifact Reduction Sequence: Early Clinical Applications. Radiographicsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: A Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc, 20, 699–712. Prashant, M. (2014). Aliasing artifacts. Retrieved May 11, 2015, from http://radiopaedia.org/cases/aliasing-artifacts Ruan, C. (2013). MRI Artifactsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: Mechanism and Control. Personal Conclusion, 1–9. Schubert, R. (2012). Magnetic susceptibility artifact. Retrieved May 9, 2015, from http://radiopaedia.org/cases/magnetic-susceptibility-artifact Stadler, A., Schima, W., Ba-Ssalamah, A., Kettenbach, J., Eisenhuber, E. (2007). Artifacts in body MR imaging: Their appearance and how to eliminate them. European Radiology, 17, 1242–1255. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-006-0470-4 Westbrook, C., Roth, C. K., Talbot, J. (2011). MRI In Practice (4th Editio, pp. 225–260). United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. www.mr-tip.com. (n.d.). MRI Artifacts. Retrieved May 8, 2015, from http://www.mr-tip.com/serv1.php?type=artsub=Gibbs Artifact Zhuo, J., Gullapalli, R. P. (2006). AAPM/RSNA physics tutorial for residents: MR artifacts, safety, and quality control. Radiographicsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: A Review Publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc, 26, 275–297. http://doi.org/10.1148/rg.261055134

The Physics of Basketball Essay examples -- Science Sports Athletics E

The Physics of Basketball There are many aspects to the game of basketball and physics can be applied to all of them. Although to be good at basketball it is not necessary to play it from a physics point of view. Basketball players become good by developing muscle memory for the actions that must be performed in the game of basketball from years of practice. Nevertheless knowing some of the physics in the game of basketball can help a good player be a better player. In this paper I will cover the three most important aspects of the game, shooting, dribbling and passing. The most important part of the game of basketball is shooting the basketball, after all the object of the game is to put the basketball through the basket. A shot is taken by a player pushing on the ball and launching it toward the basket and upon the ball hitting the rim or backboard physics refers to this action as a contact force. Using this concept of contact force a shot can be calculated exactly. From a player’s height, the mass of the ball and a given position on the court which would include the distance from the basket it is possible to calculate the exact angle and force the shooter must apply to make a basket every time he or she shoots the ball. Of course if it were this easy basketball would not be as fun to watch or play. The problem with hitting a shot every time with the calculated angle and force is that the ball would have to travel toward the basket with the exact angle and force calculated for that particular shot. What makes this difficult is that the musc les in our body would have to be controlled flawlessly to push the ball with the exact amount of force and to give the ball the exact angle that is needed every time a shot is taken... ...the more energy is lost and the less the ball bounces back. The less denting that occurs, the more energy is kept and the higher the ball bounces back. Physics can be used to explain a lot of things. In this paper I described some basic concepts in physics that are relevant to basketball, particularly the three main parts of basketball, shooting, dribbling and passing. So the next time you are out shooting some hoops just think of all the physics that are being applied and you could be one step away from being a physicist, and have fun. Works Cited Kirkpatric, Larry; Wheeler, Gerald, Physics A World View, fourth edition Schmidt, Michael; Oberlies, James; Moogan, Kevien, The Physics of Basketball, 2002 http://www.sjprep.org/bio/basketball7/ Willis, Bill; The Physics of Basketball, 2001, http://www.geocities.com/thesciencefiles/physicsof/basketball.html/

Racism from past to present

Racism is the belief that a race is superior to all other races and has the right to manage all other races. This term emphasizes the superiority In terms of the biological differences, such as color and gender. In the history, although racism was used to organize daily life in clans, with Greeks it gained its negative meaning. With the Renaissance and the Reform, Europeans discovered new nations and places. However, according to Europeans' understanding, these new people can only be slaves. Therefore, racism has actually begun. The first modern fascist leader ofEuropean, Mussolini had a strong belief about being racist. He did not give right to live to any thought but his thought. He killed many people. In Dalton, Hitler was another fascist leader who murdered millions of people because of their races. Thus racism has become known. Basically, as both Connelly (2004, p. 72) and Shah (2010, Para. L) say that people have tendency to be superior to others. Shah adds that racism has been used as weapons. As it was in the past, racism still exists all over the world. Proponents of the idea that racism still exist claim that due to laws, racism Anton exist.They also mention that according to the universal Declaration of Human Rights, all humans are equal. They may have a point but laws cannot prevent racism and racists. Laws are valid only racists are caught. In the united States for example, although punishment is serious, racism exists in the aspect of black and white. Blacks have separate neighborhood from whites, they do not like whites' thoughts or they do not have a white person in their environment. The reason for this is that in the past, whites saw and used blacks as slaves. In today, there is not a comprehension about Ewing slave but whites still humiliates blacks.This causes white racism. Moreover, racists do not have to show how they believe or they do not have to discriminate. They can only have thoughts of being racist and laws cannot catch or prevent t his kind of thoughts. The reason why racism still exists is the human nature regarding inferior and superior. First, in the aspect of superior, they are naturally arrogant people. This class thinks that they are superior to everyone in everything. Therefore, they humiliate other races. Due to physical characteristic of other races, they make a trooper for specific races and they become prejudice.Europeans prejudice about Arabians can be given as an example. They think that Arabians are dirty and they smell bad. This situation causes racism today. Moreover, superior race thinks that they have the right to determine other races' rights, such as how they think, where they can live or whether they can live or not. Hitler for example, had a great power to take lives of Jewish people. Today, similarly to Hitter's reason, there is a problem called smuggling of people. Generally, people who are smuggled are from either Africa or Middle East, they were never European.Smuggling soul exists be cause superior races think that they can employ them illegally. Second, in aspect of inferior people, there is a fear of superior ones. Being a criminal race produces that kind of fear. As Russell (1 998, p. 124) mentions Willow's thesis about black crime causes white fear, white racism caused by Black and Latino men. If they did not have this high rate of crime, there would not be white fear. Furthermore, another kind of fear from superior happens as action and reaction. If Europeans are racists to Arabians, then stay away from Europeans because they feel inferior.Another reason why racism still exists is what happened in history. They may have not happened because of racism but they trigger racism today. First, events about economy have really changed the world. After the Reform and the Renaissance, colonialism came into the world. India was one of the countries colonized by England. As Marvin states, â€Å"At any rate, no serious effort has ever been made to colonize the country , and the English who go to India think only of acquiring the largest amount of money in the shortest possible time, and returning home to enjoy it in their beloved fatherland† (2006, p. ). Thus, today racism still exists between India and England. Second, political history caused racism today as well. In the history, states struggled for independence. In Ottoman Empire, for example, there were many nations who live peacefully. However, when the Ottoman Empire started to fall down, Armenian rebelled. They wanted to have their own country in the soil that they live in but it belonged to the Ottoman Empire. Because of this situation, Ottomans and Armenian had disagreement. Then that disagreement cause today the so-called Armenian genocide. Now, Turkey andArmenian are prejudiced to each other because of what happened in history. Bad treatment to Armenian or reverse produces racism in both countries. All in all, racism still exists in our world. People should remember that as worl d and politic changes, terms meanings will either be change or be broaden. While the term racism was used for people who support his race, then it is used for humiliation. In our world, it almost lost its meaning because today anything can be racism, such as prejudice or difference of thoughts among nations. Racism is not biological differences anymore.

An Authors Agenda During World War 1 English Literature Essays

An Authors Agenda During World War 1 English Literature Essays An Authors Agenda During World War 1 English Literature Essay An Authors Agenda During World War 1 English Literature Essay During World War I, Dreiser, being German American, was censured due to his nationality. Dreiser s work and presence were unwelcome in many occasions. During this clip, Dreiser developed a captivation with Dr. Sigmund Freud s work, which led him to go about haunted with detecting what made liquidators tick. At this point Dreiser was desperately contemplating the footing for a novel about a liquidator, a novel he would call An American Tragedy. Dreiser wrote An American Tragedy to convey to acquire inside the tegument of a liquidator, to convey to illume the effects when one as an person has been driven insane seeking to populate up to the criterions society has set for us and commits a offense. Dreiser spent old ages seeking to convey this book to life, but the characters he used neer seemed to come to life. He continued his hunt for a so called American offense, a slaying that served as a metaphor for an unwellness that plagues society. Finally, Dreiser found the perfect slaying. He based his novel on the slaying of Grace Brown by Chester Gillette. Dreiser found something particular about Gillette s instance, non merely did it suit all of his specifications, but Dreiser besides felt a deeper connexion to Gillette. He saw his immature ego in Gillette, immature and in the metropolis, making anything possible to travel up. The intent of this novel is to function as a reminder to immature grownups now, non to allow yourself be consumed by this unwellness brought on us by society, and to be careful what you wish for because you neer know, someday you might acquire it. 4. Discussion Populating in America, one grows up with a mentality that everybody, irrespective of the fortunes you were brought into, can accomplish all the success desirable. Theodore Dreiser uses this doctrine to his advantage. Dreiser is able to open the reader s eyes and turn out that no affair how hard you work, how much you want it, or how much you think you deserve it, the rough world is the bulk of Americans neer reach what they consider success. In the novel An American Tragedy, Theodore Dreiser uses word picture and prefiguration to convey his impossible dream subject. Theodore Dreiser uses word picture to convey his impossible dream subject. When the supporter, Clyde Griffiths was a kid, he neer seemed to be content of who he was or what he had, he ever seemed outa topographic point ( 5 ) . When he and his parents were out on the streets distributing God s word, he ever complained and believed he and his parents looked foolish and less than normal ( 7 ) . Griffiths neer took into consideration all the difficult work that went into seeking to do a life. Griffiths was ever ashamed of his life style, and embarrassed that this was the manner his parents made a life, he believed his life should non be like this ( 7 ) . He ever compared his life to others and dreamed of things his low parents were incapable of giving him even in his wildest dreams. This outlook caused Griffiths to turn up ever desiring more than he could hold, ever desiring the best out at that place even if he knew he could nt hold it. Turning up, and eventually populating in t he metropolis where Griffith s aspirations of illustriousness could eventually be achieved, he one time and for all felt at place. He took a occupation as a bellboy at a fancy hotel, and from here on he became haunted with seeking to travel up to the high ranks of society. Griffiths shortly begins his relationships with the two adult females that will finally take to his ruin. When Griffiths finds out Roberta is pregnant, he sees his life faux pas off, and he knows that life with Sondra will be much better, so he does the unthinkable, putting to deaths Roberta. For a adult male to kill the adult female transporting his kid must intend there was something awfully incorrect with that adult male, and at that place was. Griffiths was so caught up with his compulsion to the good life that he failed to recognize that he already had it. Griffith s compulsion was so complex that it non merely had the power to eventually give Griffiths everything he wanted, it besides had the power to take a way everything he s been working hard on accomplishing. Theodore Dreiser besides uses boding to convey his impossible dream subject. At the start of the narrative, Griffiths was portrayed as this hapless male child making anything possible to gain his topographic point in the high society. This dream Griffiths had led him to develop his compulsion and get down his backbreaking trek to the top. On one of his darks out with his freshly found friends, the driver of the auto hit a small miss ( 139 ) and everyone indoors flees the scene. This event sparks a sense of boding in the readers mind, and unleashes a ton of inquiry: Will he acquire off with it? , Will it go on once more? with this incident, Dreiser is able to do it clear that Griffiths compulsion is non a healthy one at all, for a adult male to fly the scene of an guiltless miss ran over, is a awful thing to make. It finally shows the readers that Griffiths is willing to put on the line everything he has to accomplish his high place in society. Later in life, when Roberta te lls Griffiths that she is pregnant ( 386 ) , the reader know that Griffiths will non let this to put him back from his dreams. Automatically, one begins to believe, will he make the same thing he did to the small miss? and to the reader s discouragement, our anticipations are right. When Clyde comes across the newspaper article inadvertent dual calamity at base on balls lake ( 456 ) the reader automatically assumes the worst: Clyde is be aftering a awful thing. Throughout the novel, the reader is able to in a manner predict Griffith s hereafter. His compulsion to what he ca nt hold is perilously present, and the reader knows Griffiths is willing to put on the line anything and everything to accomplish his dreams. 5. Decision In decision, Theodore Dreiser s An American Tragedy, to the full exemplifies his subject of sometimes dreams are impossible to accomplish. Because of its position, content, word picture, and its ability to capture an audience, An American Tragedy clearly exemplifies a high virtue for its literary facets. An American Tragedy symbolizes an unwellness that plagues our society today, that everyone will accomplish success no affair the obstructions put in their way. The world is that there are fortunes out at that place that will automatically stop your journey to success, and Dreiser does an outstanding occupation of conveying them to visible radiation. It is because of this consequence wholly good as its captivating content, which leaves readers unwilling to put the fresh down, that makes An American Tragedy a perfect campaigner for a work of literary virtue, stand foring literature at its best.

Free Essays on The Life Of Music Of Sarah Vaughan

Instruments have always been essential to jazz music but one great vocalist one knew how to captivate listeners in such a way that her voice was all that they heard. Sarah Lois Vaughan was born March 27, 1924 in Newark, New Jersey to a family of a non- famous musical background. Vaughan started early with her musical interest by playing piano, sang in the church choir playing the organ by age 12 and attending Arts High School. In 1942, at the age of 18, Sarah and a friend decided to enter an amateur contest in the now famous Apollo Theater in Harlem, New York. Sarah won the prize of ten dollars and a weeks performance at the theater for singing †Body and Soul† but that is not all she won that day. Billy Eckstine, who was at that time a part of Earl â€Å"FATHA† Hines Big Band invited her to be second pianist and a vocalist in this band. By 1944 Hines had decided to form his own band which included Vaughan along with greats like Miles Davis, Dizzy Gillespie, and Charlie Parker and was known for it’s be-bop style music. During this time she made her first recordings and did a duet with Gillespie called â€Å"Lover Man†. Sarah had later made the decision to go solo. â€Å"Sassy† and â€Å"The Divine One† were two of nicknames given to Vaughan and by 1947 she had married trumpeter George Treadwell. In ’49 she had signed with Columbia Records with a five- year contract. It is during this time where it is said Vaughan did most of her â€Å"sweet† or â€Å"commercial† work. In 1954 when her work with Columbia had been finished Sarah signed with Mercury. This was a great move for her, Mercury also had a more jazz based label called EmArcy, leaving Vaughan free to record both â€Å"popular† and her true love jazz. On the EmArcy label, Sarah recorded with artists such as Cannonball Aderly and Count Basie’s Band. On the more commercial side of her music Sarah was making music with her long time friend Billy Eckstine. Many of articles sa... Free Essays on The Life Of Music Of Sarah Vaughan Free Essays on The Life Of Music Of Sarah Vaughan Instruments have always been essential to jazz music but one great vocalist one knew how to captivate listeners in such a way that her voice was all that they heard. Sarah Lois Vaughan was born March 27, 1924 in Newark, New Jersey to a family of a non- famous musical background. Vaughan started early with her musical interest by playing piano, sang in the church choir playing the organ by age 12 and attending Arts High School. In 1942, at the age of 18, Sarah and a friend decided to enter an amateur contest in the now famous Apollo Theater in Harlem, New York. Sarah won the prize of ten dollars and a weeks performance at the theater for singing †Body and Soul† but that is not all she won that day. Billy Eckstine, who was at that time a part of Earl â€Å"FATHA† Hines Big Band invited her to be second pianist and a vocalist in this band. By 1944 Hines had decided to form his own band which included Vaughan along with greats like Miles Davis, Dizzy Gillespie, and Charlie Parker and was known for it’s be-bop style music. During this time she made her first recordings and did a duet with Gillespie called â€Å"Lover Man†. Sarah had later made the decision to go solo. â€Å"Sassy† and â€Å"The Divine One† were two of nicknames given to Vaughan and by 1947 she had married trumpeter George Treadwell. In ’49 she had signed with Columbia Records with a five- year contract. It is during this time where it is said Vaughan did most of her â€Å"sweet† or â€Å"commercial† work. In 1954 when her work with Columbia had been finished Sarah signed with Mercury. This was a great move for her, Mercury also had a more jazz based label called EmArcy, leaving Vaughan free to record both â€Å"popular† and her true love jazz. On the EmArcy label, Sarah recorded with artists such as Cannonball Aderly and Count Basie’s Band. On the more commercial side of her music Sarah was making music with her long time friend Billy Eckstine. Many of articles sa...

Comparison of Two People in the Same Profession Article - 1

Comparison of Two People in the Same Profession - Article Example To be able to do this, this paper settles on two teachers.     Robots can be exact duplicates whereas, in human beings, all people are unique. It is because of this reason that no single firm can leave the role in making decision role to robots. Moreover, another question can be raised from this fact is: Why are there people to make decisions? The fact of two teachers being on the same level and under the same management and governance does not mean the same level of intellectuality and ability to make decisions. The degree to how fast an individual can make a right decision varies from one person to the other depending on a number of factors. Some of these factors range from inborn capability, experiences in life, age, gender, family backgrounds to the level of education. A crisis of the same magnitude presented to two teachers can be mandated to have different responses if the crisis is not numerical. In the same manner, response to decisions made by the management can vary no matter the fact that they can be trained to respond to such. These differences, however, do not despite the fact that it is possible to make a similar decision or give similar reasons for a crisis (Yengoyan 14). These two teachers can be agitated by different occurrences in a classroom, for instance, one can be so furious with a student who does not hand in his or her assignment in time while the other can get so angry with one who is late for classes. None of the two makes one a lesser teacher or vice-versa, but the situation acts independently to bring out the diversity of people although in the same field. At this juncture, it is good to state that either teacher or both could be in the profession out of lack, passion, family reasons or even religious reasons. A teacher in the profession out of passion is quite different from that is in it because of any other reason. To start with the former will have an inner driving force to work while the latter will work out of external forc es. Amazingly, both perform to the expectation of the organization. The diversity of reasons unto why one is a teacher is by its own an explanation for a myriad of responses in the teaching field. It is because of the diversity of these reasons that explain the difference between teachers when faced with a challenge. For example, when a teacher reprimands a student out of misconduct and the student takes him or her in a court of law. No matter the sentence of the court the fact of being to a court of the law may either make one feel humiliated or a rise in self-esteem. The capability that one can be allured into the wind of a riot or a strikeout of poor work conditions can also have its basis on the same reasons. The reasons for the dynamic behavior of teachers also have an association with the reasons for being in the profession.

The Impact of Private Education In Saudi Arabia On Expatriate Teachers Research Proposal

The Impact of Private Education In Saudi Arabia On Expatriate Teachers And Students - Research Proposal Example 3. METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 The Research Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Aims and Objective of the Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14The Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Statistical Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ABSTRACT The impact of private schools in Saudi Arabia on expatriate teachers and students is the interest of this exploratory study. Employing qualitative method of research, the researcher will likewise explore the lives of families and their corresponding children in the country, their experiences in dealing with Arab and other cultures, the significant experiences that expatriate teachers can take back to their respective countries, and identify the type of tertiary education that students in the host country can attend in the future. The researcher will make use of the qualitative-descriptive method of research. In the collection of informational data, the researcher will conduct an interview on expatriate teachers and students in their respective schools in Saudi Arabia. These data will include school performance or achievement scores, culture of the schools, culture of the expatriates teachers and students, list of benefits for the expatriates teachers and students, and performance of the expatriate teachers and students. The collected data will be computed statistically for mean, median, mode, percentile rank, and relative frequency. Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Conventionally, education of a country's citizens is left to those people who have gained... This study primarily focused on the information given by the private schools in Saudi Arabia. The respondents of the study are the expatriate teachers and students. The Local teachers and students were not included in this study. The researcher went over a number of books, journals, and online resources. The studies which were found relevant to the present day research are mentioned below. This report makes a conclusion that the Saudi Arabian government realized the need for its nationals to be effective conversationalist with the world. This was driven by its extensive oil and aggregates products export to other countries. For example, ARAMCO in 1968 created a verbal communication program for foreign dialect schooling. This was geared towards outputs or people that are conversant with different dialects. Having gained the necessary conversation tools, these people were posted and employed by the Saudi government to many sensitive areas of the business entity. On the other hand, because of the oil export business of Saudi Arabia, some nationals have to go to foreign countries to close deals and get related transactions done. All these supposedly require the proficiency in speaking and reading foreign language as the Saudi nationals can not always rely on language translators. Moreover, Mecca in Saudi Arabia is the Islamic congregation center for pilgrimage. Thus, Musli ms from foreign countries regularly come for the religious rites.

How the simple search engine became a leader in the technology Term Paper

How the simple search engine became a leader in the technology industry - Term Paper Example Google has reported big increases in sales and profits for the first quarter ended 31 March, 2005 as web advertising and sponsored search revenues continue to grow. The search engine company reported net profits of $369.2m (?205.1m) on sales of $1.26bn for the quarter. This compares with a net profit of $64m on sales of $651.6m for the same quarter last year (Savaas, 2005) In 2005, Google joined the list of 100 most powerful companies in the world. Google’s revenues increased steadily over the last few years. Even though Google started as a search engine company, they have many other product or service portfolios such as social networking, operating systems, online books, mobile phones, healthcare etc at present. In this project I will discuss and elaborate on the changes Google has made from being a user service for search to an internet giant in terms of many different aspects of technology. These aspects range from their original search, to email, to videos, to retail, to m obile industry to much more. Analyzing the changes in the past 15 years will produce the how and why Google is one of the kings of marketing and advertising. Google’s journey towards an industry leader During the initial periods of 2000, Google realised that search engine business alone may not help them to sustain their position as an industry leader in IT industry. Apple, Amazon, Facebook, Microsoft and Yahoo like IT business companies raised stiff challenges to Google’s business interests during this period. Amazon was the leader in online book business. In order to seize leadership in online book industry, Google has established an online book store in 2004. In December 2010, Google expanded its online book store in the name of Google eBooks (Google Editions) and it is now became the biggest online book store, in the world. As of now Google’s book collection have already crossed the 20 million mark. Social networking is another area in which Google made its mark. Google plus is the social network introduced by Google to counter the challenges from arch rival Facebook. â€Å"Google CEO Larry Page trotted out an impressive statistic during January 2012 quarterly earnings call: Google+ now has 90 million users, double what it had three months ago. Even better, 60 percent of those users are engaged daily, and 80 percent weekly† (Brodkin, 2012). Even though Google Plus membership is extremely small compared to that of facebook, many people believe that it has the potential to beat facebook in near future itself. Operating system market is another area in which Google established themselves in the recent past. Apple was the industry leader in touchscreen phone and tablet markets until recent times. In fact Apple’s ‘I† series products such as iPhone, iPad, iPod, etc brought enormous success to them. Today apple is the second largest company in the world in terms of market capitalization. Moreover they are the most va luable technology company in the world at present. In order to expel apple from the top spot, Google established business tie ups with Samsung like mobile phone and tablet manufacturers. Google devised a special operating system; android for the modern smartphones and tablets. Current android operating system is believed to be the best in the industry. Its latest version jelly bean is causing all problems to apple’

Plan outline Essay Example for Free

Plan outline Essay The company The name of the company will be â€Å"Innovations†. It would be specializing in manufacturing and marketing of hand crafted products, which used to be in vogue before the industrial revolution, and are still existing in many parts of the world. It will be a proprietary ownership firm, with a relatively small capital investment. The initial range of products offered will be the craft products in bamboo, from India. Once strong in marketing of these products, the range will slowly extend to wood and metal crafts from India. The ultimate goal will be to enter the high price jewellery sector in gold, and gems. The company will have its head office in Chicago, USA and have an operating branch in India. The head office at Chicago will be responsible for marketing the products which are sourced from India, by the branch over there. The Indian leg will be operating under instructions from the Head office in Chicago, will be responsible for locating suitable sources and the logistics for the product range outlined by the management. The main strength of the company will be its innovative designs. The focus would be on developing new designs, continuously. This pool of talent will be supported by a very strong team which specializes in strong brand building. The ultimate goal of the management is to build strong brand image in the hand crafted products sector. Initially, the staff strength will be very limited, to keep low overheads. This will be instrumental in the growth of the company. Details: The company will enter the business with a low investment. To risk factor will always be low, and a reserve fund will always be maintained at a certain level. . The gestation period is estimated at 3 months. Money should start rolling by his time. The company is not taking any loans or there is no borrowing of any type, to start this business. In both the offices, stress will be laid on employing people whoa re aware of the local market conditions. The marketing staff in Chicago and the procuring staff inIndia, will not exceed 5 to begin with. The USA office will be supported by two experienced designers, who will concentrate on evolving new designs, which will be communicated to the craftsmen, through our India branch. The Indian will have one efficient manager, under whom the procuring and logistics staff will operate. The manager directly reports to the USA head office. On the expenses side, 25 percent of the capital will be utilized for procurement of the crafted products and its logistics, another 25 percent for the marketing research and the actual marketing efforts, another 25% for the running overheads of both the offices and the reserves will be never go below the level of the final 25%. The operating strategy of the company will be to use only 75% of the capital, and concentrate on fast rotation of money. The routine functions like legal, accounts and personnel will be carried out by hired professionals on contract basis. Expenses will not be limiting factor, to get the best of the innovative talents, in whichever way available. With a small beginning, the company is expected to grow as a leading firm in the USA, for crafted products.

Sources Of Finance For Marks And Spencers

Sources Of Finance For Marks And Spencers Marks Spencer is one of the leading retailers in UK with average 21 million customers visiting per week in stores. They provide with quality clothing, home products and food which is supplied by approximately 2000 suppliers all over the world. The company has 75,839 employees as evaluated in 2008 and has about 700 stores in UK. The 49% of the sales is occupied by clothing and home products while 51% is occupied by food products. Outside UK the company operates in approximately 40 other countries which include India, China and Indonesia etc. The companies 90% business comes from sales in UK while rest comes from overseas sales. Marks Spencer values Quality, Value, Service, Innovation and Trust. The company generated an overall revenue of  £9062.1 million as on 28th March, 2009. The overall profit was  £768.9 million of which  £652.8 million was generated from operations in UK and  £116.1 million from operations overseas. The case study takes into consideration the analysis of financial reports of Marks and Spencer and relates the academic principles of Corporate Finance with the analysis of the report. 2. SOURCES OF FINANCE 2.1 SHORT MEDIUM TERM FINANCE Trade Credit Trade Credit is finance obtained from suppliers of goods and services over the period between delivery of goods and the subsequent settlement of the account by the recipient. (Pike Neale, 2006) It is sometimes also called spontaneous finance as the company can enjoy the goods or benefit from the service provided without having to pay up. Common way of expressing the credit term is- 2/10 : net 30 This implies that the supplier will provide 2% discount if the money is payed back in 10 days otherwise the company has to pay full payment in 30 days. The length of the trade credit depends on certain factors like industry custom and practice, relative bargaining power and type of products. Factoring- Sometimes the suppliers need payment earlier than expected. Institutions called factors help by offering to purchase a firms debtors for cash. Factoring involves raising immediate cash based on the security of the companys debtors, thus accelerating payments from customers. Bank Credit Bank lending to companies is predominantly short term, although now it is also a valuable source of medium term finance. Overdrafts Overdrafts specify the amount that a company may withdraw either in forms of cash or cheques. Interest is charged on a daily basis depending on how much the company is overdrawn each day. Bank generally takes security which can be fixed charge (where overdraft is secured against specific asset) or floating charge (which offers security over all of the companys assets) Short Term Loans Short term loans are generally provided for more than 1 year. The bank can charge variable or fixed rate of interest. Usually fixed rate of interest is quite high. Variable rate of interest can be also in various forms: Bullet Loans Balloon Loans Revolvers It allows the borrowers to borrow, repay and re-borrow over the life of loan facility. Securitisation This is the practice whereby instead of lending money to customers, banks raise finance for them by arranging and selling to customers their securities like commercial papers often allowing lower interest rates. Bill Finance Bill allows the company to pay out a specific amount after a specific period of time. Bills of Exchange Trader purchasing goods from suppliers draws up a bill stating a promise to pay at some future date and its up to the supplier to keep the bill or sell it in the market at a discount if he needs the money earlier. Acceptance Credit It is a tie up between the company and the bank. The bank issues a bill for the company and company can use it at a later date. The bank can sell the bill in the market at a discounted price. If it does then the company collects the money from the company which bought the bill from the bank. Hire Purchase It may be simply defined as hiring with the option to purchase. On payments of final installment ownership of the asset passes to the customer. The inland revenues will generally permit the customer to claim and retain capital allowances provided that the option to purchase fee is less than the market value at the end of the contract term. Leasing A leasing transaction is a commercial arrangement whereby an equipment owner conveys the right to use the equipment in return for payment by equipment user of a specified rental over a pre-agreed period of time. (Pike Neale, 2006) 2.2 LONG TERM FINANCE Equity Shares are described as permanent capital because the funds supplied for their acquisitions are non-returnable in most circumstances other than in the event of a liquidation. Shares are issued at nominal value and are sold at the market price. Shareholders have a share in ownership of company and also have voting rights. Dividends are payed as a percentage return on their nominal value. A company can receive equity finance from various sources like Business Angels: Private equity investor with spare funds to invest who wishes to gamble on the future prospects of young companies. Venture Capital: Sale of equity to a specialist institution that may also provide management assistance. For e.g. 3i. Obtaining a Quotation (IPO) Preference Shares Preference shares are entitled to a fixed percentage dividend, which is paid before any profits are distributed to ordinary shareholders. Participating preference shares may be entitled to some extra dividend, over and above their fixed dividend entitlement. Convertible preference shares can be converted to ordinary shares. Cumulative preference shares have unpaid dividends that are carried forward and must be paid before dividends are paid to ordinary shareholders. Preference share holders do not qualify for tax relief. Debt Debentures Debentures are basically loan secured on company assets with floating or fixed interest rate. It is a multiple loan to the company in the sense that it is contributed by several people opposed to just one individual. Debenture holders are creditors but not members of the company. Loan Stock is a kind of debenture that is issued at face value. It is not secured on assets but effectively secured on firms earning power, thus more risky and lower ranking of payment. Debentures issued at large discounts and redeemable at par or above are known as Deep Discount Bonds. They are generally issued at low rate of interest but have cost of redemption. Mortgages It is a form of secured loan placing the title deeds of property with a lender as security for a cash loan. The interest is payable on the amount borrowed. Warrants They are rights given to investors allowing them to buy new shares in a company at a future date, at affixed given price. They are generally issued alongside unsecured debt as a bribe to potential investors. 2.3 SOURCES OF FINANCE IN MARKS SPENCER 2.3.1 Current Non-Current Liabilities Current liabilities are the one MS needs to pay within 1 year time whereas non-current liabilities are the one MS can pay any time after 1 year. As per the annual report for MS, Current Liability MS has short term loans in the form of Bank Loans and overdrafts worth  £147.9 millions. Syndicated Bank Facility worth  £781.2 million which relates to a  £1.2 bn committed bank revolving credit facility set to mature on 26 March, 2013. Finance Lease liability worth  £13.7 million. The average lease term for the equipment is 6 years and 125 years for property. Interest rates are fixed. Non-Current Liability Bank Loans worth  £11.2 million. Finance lease liabilities worth  £88.2 million. Medium-term notes worth  £ 2018.5 million. 2.3.2 Net Assets Equity Ordinary Share Capital Shares  £m Allotted, called up and fully paid ordinary shares of 25p each At start of year 1,586,478,423 396.6 Shares issued on exercise of share options 2,217,763 0.5 Share purchased in buy-back (10,901,267) (2.7) At end of year 1,577,794,919 394.4 2,217,763 ordinary shares having nominal value were allotted during the year under two schemes namely Save As You Earn (SAYE) Share Option scheme and Executive Share Option Scheme. In SAYE, the board may offer options to purchase ordinary shares in the company once in each financial year to those employees who enter into an HM Revenue Customs approved (SAYE) savings contract. In terms of Executive Share Option Scheme, the Board may offer options to purchase ordinary shares in the company to executive directors and senior managers at the market price on a date to be determined prior to the date of the offer. 10.9 million shares having a nominal value of  £2.7m were bought back and subsequently cancelled during the year in accordance with the authority granted by the share holders at the Annual General Meeting in July 2007. Share Premium Account A reserve setup to account for the issue of new shares at a price above their par value. (Pike Neale, 2006) In MS, Share Premium Account had  £ 236.2 m as on 28th March, 2009 out of which  £ 231.4 m were carried forward from previous year and  £ 4.8 m was from share issued on exercise of employee share options. Capital Redemption Reserve It is a reserve established when the firm buys its own shares in a scenario that result in loss of share capital. In MS it was worth  £ 2202.6 m. As discussed earlier  £ 2.7 m worth were purchased in buy back, thus added to the capital redemption reserve. Hedging Reserve Hedging is an attempt to minimize the risk of loss stemming from exposure to adverse foreign exchange rate movements. MS as on 28th March,2009 had  £ 62.6 m in Hedging Reserve. 2.3.3 Net Debt Cash Cash Equivalents It includes short term deposits with banks and other financial institutions, with an initial maturity of three months or less and credit card payment received within 48 hours. It was worth  £ 422.9 m for MS. Financial Assets MS has current and non-current assets worth  £ 53.1 m that includes unlisted investments and Listed UK Securities. Bank Loans Overdraft MS has current and non-current loans overdrafts that include  £ 4.0 m loan from the Hedge End Park Limited joint venture. Syndicated Bank Facility It relates to a  £ 1.2 bn committed bank revolving credit facility set to mature on 26 March 2013 and is worth  £ 781.2 m. Medium Term Notes These are notes that actually retire in 5 to 10 years. A corporate note continuously offered by a company to investors through a dealer. Investors can choose from differing maturities, ranging from nine months to 30 years. (Forbes Digital) In MS these notes are issued under MS plcs  £ 3bn European Medium Term Note Program and all pay interest annually. The medium term notes are worth  £1848.1 m. Finance Leases It is groups policy to lease certain of its properties and equipments under finance leases and is worth  £ 101.9 m. 3. COST OF CAPITAL 3.1 Weighted Average Cost of Capital 3.2 Weighted Average Cost of Capital for MS As seen earlier MS has capital in the form of debt and equity. To evaluate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital, we need to evaluate Cost of Debt ( Kd) Cost of Equity ( Ke) Weight or proportion of debt equity Cost of Debt (Kd) To evaluate Kd, we need to find I = Interest paid for the debt MV(Market Value) = Total current Market Value of the Debt T = Corporate Tax if any As Kd = [I(1-T)] / MV X 100 Looking at the Annual Report we can see in Cash flows from financing activities that : I =  £ 197.1 m which is approximately 7.9% In Taxation Charges T = 28% In net Debt MV =  £ 2490.8 m Thus we can calculate Kd by putting in the values as: Kd = [ 197.1 m(1-.28)]/ 2490.8m X 100 = (141.912/2490.8) X 100 = 4.7 Cost of Equity To evaluate Ke, we need to evaluate D = Dividend on ordinary share capital MV = Market value of equity As Ke = (D/MV) X 100 Looking at the report we can find Net dividend = 22.5 p per share The total no. of shares at the end of the year = 1,577,794,919 The total Dividend D = .225 X 1,577,794,919 =  £ 355 m approx Market Value MV= .25 X 1,557,794,919 =  £ 394.4 m Therefore Ke = (D/MV) X 100 = (355/394.4) X 100 = 90 Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) Weighted Average Cost of Capital can be calculated by formula WACC = Ke[ E/(E+D) ] + Kd [ D/(E+D) ] Where E = Market Value of Companys Equity D = Market Value of Companys Debt Therefore WACC = 90[394.4/(394.4 + 2490.8)] + 4.7[2490.8/(394.4 + 2490.8)] = (90 X 0.135) + (4.7 X .86) = 12.15 + 4.902 = 17.052 % 3.3 Gearing Indicators for MS To be done Capital Gearing Capital Gearing = 4. INVESTMENT APPRAISAL TECHNIQUES An investment project is a series of cash inflows and outflows, typically starting with cash outflows (the initial investment outlay) followed by cash inflows and/or cash inflows in later periods. (Gotze, Northcott, Schuster, 2008) The financial manager needs to employ appraisal techniques in order to decide which projects to accept and which to reject because these decisions largely shapes the future of the business and its ability to manage its future operations. The project accepted must meet the financial criteria of the company, generally its a return greater than the cost of capital needed to finance it. 4.1 Return on Investment (Accounting Rate of Return) This approach expresses the profit before tax arising from an investment as a percentage of the total outlay on the investment. When using the return on investment approach the project which gives the highest ARR is the one that should be accepted. Difficulties arise with the method when the duration of the investment extends for more than one year, as it then becomes necessary to determine some representative profit and investment value for the duration of the project. Other problem is that profits are the results of receipts and outgoings and they do not represent cash transactions and the cash flow arising is not taken into account during the term of the investment. 4.2 Return on Investment (ARR) related to MS As per the annual reports of MS from year 2006 to 2009, MS has invested on property. The investment, depreciation Net Profit are described in the annual report related to property. The tax budgeted profits are assumed accordingly. Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 Investment  £ 38.5 m  £ 24.1 m  £ 24.3 m  £ 24.3 m Budgeted Profits  £ 4 m  £ 4 m  £ 32 m  £ 8 m Less Depreciation ( £ .1 m) ( £ .2 m) ( £.3 m) ( £ .5 m) Tax ( £ 9.6 m) ( £ 1.9 m) ( £ 4.7m) ( £ 1.1m) Net Profit ( £ 4.7 m)  £ 1.9 m  £ 27 m  £ 6.4 m The average profit for the four years would be: Average Profit = [ (4.7) + 1.9 + 27 + 6.4] / 4 = 29.6 / 4 =  £ 7.4 m We can compare this with the original investment made in four years: Average investment = [ 38.5 + 24.1 + 24.3 + 24.3] /4 =  £ 28.55 m By comparing, Avg Profit/ Investment= (7.4/28.55) X 100 = 24.91 % Thus the company can decide on whether the investment is good or not. 4.3 Payback This method refers to how quickly the incremental benefits that accrues to a company from an investment project payback the initial capital invested. When faced with a straight accept or reject decision it can provide a rule where projects are accepted if they payback the initial investment outlay within a certain predetermined time. In addition, the payback method can provide a rule when a comparison is required of the relative desirability of several mutually exclusive investments (Lumby, 1988). This method simply measures the time period taken until the profits generated from the investment equal the initial cost of investment. The advantage of Payback is that it focuses on risks in considering the period during which the investment remains outstanding. The drawback is that the method takes no account of cash inflows after payback, neither is there any attempt to consider reinvestment possibilities for incoming funds during the period prior to payback. 4.4 Payback related to M S With relation to MS, we again take the project of investment in property, plant equipment. We take the 2 investments made in 2008 and 2009 and compare them with assumptions made for returns in the following years. 2009 2008 Investment Outflow Year 0 ( £ 540. 8 m) ( £ 958.4 m) Cash Inflows Year 1  £ 58.3 m  £ 91.6 m Year 2  £ 142.6 m  £ 400.4 m Year 3  £ 222.4 m  £ 300.2 m Year 4  £ 100.4 m  £ 286.7 m Year 5  £ 143.7 m  £ 123.2 m Total cash Inflow  £ 667.1 m  £ 1202.1 m Now comparing the two projects of 2008 2009 we can see that payback for 2009 is 5 years and payback for project in 2008 is 4 years. Thus project that MS invested is 2008 is better in terms of investment. 4.5 Net Present Value Net Present Value is the net monetary gain (or loss) from a project, computed by discounting all present and future cash inflows and outflows related to the project. (Gotze, Northcott, Schuster, 2008) Using the NPV method, all future cash flows related to investment project are discounted back to time 0. In order to establish the cash flows arising from a project into their present values, it is necessary to establish the cash inflows and outflows arising from it, and what cost of capital should be used to evaluate such projects. In order to determine the NPV of a project, we need to list all the cashflows related to the project. The net cash flows are then discounted at the cost of capital using the formulae: Discount factor = 1/ (1+i) n where n represents the number of periods and i represents the cost of capital per period The general rule is that if NPV is positive, the project is accepted else it is rejected. 4.6 Net Present Value related to MS We assume the example that taken in the pay back technique for the year 2009 and we assume the cost of capital to be 10 %. Year Net Cash Flows Formula Disc. Factor NPV  £  £ 2009 ( £ 540.8 m) 1  £ 540.8 m 2010  £ 58.3 m 1/(1+.1)1 .909  £ 52.99 m 2011  £ 142.6 m 1/(1+.1)2 .826  £ 117.78 m 2012  £ 222.4 m 1/(1+.1)3 .751  £ 167.02 m 2013  £ 100.4 m 1/(1+.1)4 .683  £ 68.57 m 2014  £ 143.7 m 1/(1+.1)5 .621  £ 89.094 m  £ 126.3 m ( £ 44.35 m) As we can see above the NPV for the project is negative thus this project should be rejected. 4.7 Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Internal Rate of Return of a Project is that cost of capital which makes the net present value of a project equal to zero. If the cost of capital required to reduce the future cash flows to zero is greater than the companys cost of capital, then the project will be accepted because it gives a positive return for the business. 4.8 Internal Rate of Return related to MS In internal rate of return we need to assume cost of capital so that NPV nears 0. Thus we assume the cost of capital as 9% first. Year Net Cash Flows Formula Disc. Factor NPV  £  £ 2009 ( £ 540.8 m) 1  £ 540.8 m 2010  £ 58.3 m 1/(1+.09)1 .917  £ 53.46 m 2011  £ 142.6 m 1/(1+.09)2 .842  £ 120.06 m 2012  £ 222.4 m 1/(1+.09)3 .772  £ 171.69 m 2013  £ 100.4 m 1/(1+.09)4 .708  £ 71.08 m 2014  £ 143.7 m 1/(1+.09)5 .650  £ 93.40 m  £ 126.3 m ( £ 31.10 m) Now we try with cost of capital as 7 % Year Net Cash Flows Formula Disc. Factor NPV  £  £ 2009 ( £ 540.8 m) 1  £ 540.8 m 2010  £ 58.3 m 1/(1+.07)1 .935  £ 54.51 m 2011  £ 142.6 m 1/(1+.07)2 .873  £ 124.48 m 2012  £ 222.4 m 1/(1+.07)3 .816  £ 181.48 m 2013  £ 100.4 m 1/(1+.07)4 .763  £ 76.6 m 2014  £ 143.7 m 1/(1+.07)5 .713  £ 102.45 m  £ 126.3 m ( £ 1.7 m) As we can see that with cost of capital as 9% the NPV is  £ 31.10 m and with cost of capital 7% the NPV is  £ 1.7 m, thus it shows that NPV will be zero between 6 and 7 % cost of capital. As the companys cost of capital is 10 % and the cost of capital to make the NPV zero is between 6 7 %, thus this project cant be accepted as its less than the companys cost of capital.